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Buy A Research Paper > Buying Research Papers Online Another often-missed resource is the analysis librarian. Did you know that, along with tons of books and on-line materials, faculty and college libraries typically have employees whose job it's to help answer your questions? Research librarians concentrate on analysis (it'd sound obvious, but take a second to get enthusiastic about how much this could assist you to and your research paper!). These librarians often focus on particular fields and topics, so you may get specific, expert assist that pertains to your topic. They can help you seek for resources, connect you with consultants in the area your researching, or offer you suggestions about the path of your research and writing. It might be simpler on you in the long run to put in writing a few topic that matches the task. It’s necessary to be engaged within the topic you’re writing about it, however you don’t need to adore it. Ask your teacher for clarification earlier than you even decide a subject. That means, you may be sure you're on the right track. Here are the steps and sources you need to write a powerful research paper, in addition to a checklist to go over to be sure you wrote an excellent paper. Use the guidelines given by your instructor to help decide your paper subject. If you've a subject that you simply love, however you’re having hassle becoming it into the guidelines, select one other topic. Your instructor may require you to make use of peer-reviewed tutorial articles as some or the entire sources in your research paper. As a school scholar, you probably have entry to a variety of academic databases that you need to use to search out scholarly articles. If you're not sure of tips on how to search for articles in a tutorial database, it’s price asking your professor or a analysis librarian that can assist you study. This talent might be a helpful one to have, and you may be simply discovering trustworthy, interesting sources very quickly. And if you're additionally among those students who for whatever reason don't prefer to waste your time on useless book search in the libraries, try to pre-book work or thesis project. In the process of learning, this work is one of the most necessary. To full it the best way, it's necessary to start out the work on the course upfront, nearly instantly after the approval of the topic. To do this, you may want repeatedly contact the curator of the project and spend much time in the library or browsing the net. Today, however, many students merely don't have time for this lengthy process and like to buy essay on-line. The essay author all the time tries to contemplate all of the options. Today, additionally it is obtainable, convenient, and most necessary â€" it's cheap! You will want just a little time spend on an Internet search. We need to discover a suitable firm which is engaged in the implementation of time period papers to order. It’s also good to comprehend that you can use this research writing task as an opportunity to study something new. You shall be somewhat of an expert within the matter by the end of this process, however you don’t should know every thing proper now. Once you perceive what you’re being asked to put in writing in your analysis paper, it’s time to determine what to put in writing about. This may be daunting, however don’t get too bent out of form. It can be very useful to put in writing about something you’re interested in or passionate about, however don’t fear about choosing the perfect matter. In many instances, a controversial topic can be perfect, to be able to exercise your capacity to objectively explain differing positions, and even defend one if the project calls for that. Look at every thing your teacher has provided you with. Carefully read the writing project, prompts, grading rubric, or some other materials you’ve received. It may even be useful to highlight and take notes on the project. Take time to understand exactly what you are being asked to write down and how you will be graded on it. Different cultures made our group inventive pondering and we attempt so that every one the topics have been to compulsory implementation. Our shoppers usually have ideas or topics â€" we are able to make them perfect looking and sound! Using sources of authoritative data will make your work distinctive and strongly argumentative. Creating a top level view is actually about structuring your paper. Don’t be too formulaic, but it may be useful to comply with patterns and guides. If you've two main points in your thesis, three or 5 main sections may not work on your research paper.

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History Paper Writing Service

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Closing Paragraph in Career Goal Essay Samples - an Introduction

Closing Paragraph in Career Goal Essay Samples - an Introduction Since there are various requirements followed in each level, there are general rules which will help you to turn into successful leader. It is crucial to demonstrate clear comprehension of the use of MBA program in your upcoming career and why exactly you are considering pursuing it. The secret is to be brief, particularly if you haven't been asked explicitly about your career progress. You will have to talk about technical abilities, analytical abilities, focus areas, and more. Business schools want to understand how you are going to make the company world better once you leave their campuses and what your special mark will be. Custom writing means a significant company with high standards. Alumni networks from my existing university and future one is going to allow finding professional workers who will assist fulfill my long-term career objectives. By pursuing the next educational targets, students ought to be progressing towards the route of fulfilling one's potentials. My mother will be quite proud seeing me at the border of the planet very profitable. Before you commence producing your work, you have to plan in thoroughly. One's career ought to be suiting the purpose of somebody's life and passion besides relying on one's greatest skills. The History of Closing Paragraph in Career Goal Essay Samples Refuted Whatever you pick, do not waiver. You can take advantage of this paragraph to summarize what you discussed in the past few paragraphs. If you haven't ever met, then you need to be extremely descriptive with your introductory paragraph. The first thing you have to do before you get started planning your essay on career targets and aspirations is to ask yourself a couple questions. You've got to bring up all goals you're going to achieve later on. Last, outline a plan for how you'll achieve your aims and earn a difference on earth. Think of the job of your dream and define which steps that you have to do to reach goals. One productive way to start an MBA career goals essay is to start with a very clear overview of short-term and long-term career targets. Last, you must discuss why NOW is the ideal time to receive your MBA and pursue your ends. Next, you must discuss how an MBA can help you attain both your short-term and long-term objectives. High school isn't free in Kenya. Such a career goals essay can have to write in high school together with college and its key purpose is to discover whether you have understanding of earth away from the education system. Short term and long-term career targets. Short-term career goal suggestions for fresh graduates. Life After Closing Paragraph in Career Goal Essay Samples You have to make your essay personal. Essays could possibly be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a human body and a conclusion. In the end, ensure you compose an essay that's crystal clear and simple to read. Now that you know all the elements of the essay, it's time to get started writing. Therefore, if you're looking for free topic essay ideas, then you have arrived at the proper spot. It's possible to find assistance and deliver top-notch essays. There are six pieces to the career goals essay which you'll want to think about before you start writing. Innovation area is something which will sometimes demand taking risks. Education is occasionally occurring below the direction of educators.

VISUAL CULTURE Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Bal du moulin de la Galette is 175 cm long and 131 cm in height. Drawn as an oil painting in canvas, this painting reflects impressionism style which does not use strong outlines (Artble 2014). The main aspect of understanding the impressionist painting is capturing its absence. Sometimes closely linked to the subject matter and sometimes highly complicated to understand, each impressionist painting has its own authenticity (Panofsky 1972). Form is used deliberately in several different instances to convey time starting from the rustling leaves to cloudy sky. Impressionist painting can be rightly viewed as the best representation of the Parisian lifestyle depicted through a combination of modern and classic art form. One famous author argues the magic of hollywood can be largely attributed to the visual pleasure it creates (Mulvey 1975). True to the fact, the pleasure of seeing the painting makes the cheerfulness in the painting pass on to us quite effortlessly. Renoir – The Head behind the Masterpiece Renoir was held as the most famous impressionist painter of his era. Renoir and Claude Monet worked side by side on many paintings representing the same theme. We will write a custom essay sample on VISUAL CULTURE or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now They used the color reflected by the objects surrounding their main subjects to represent shadow instead of using traditional black and brown (Clark 1984). Renoir followed all the rules and regulations of Impressionist art in the Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette. "The rhythm of wide, generous brushstrokes varies from long and intense strokes to soft and curvy" describes Kuvatova (2013). Though widely known as the Impressionist artist he had created hundreds of paintings representing classicism as well in his lifetime. The History of Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette â€Å"I made from memory a sketch of the Moulin da la Galette. ... I rented a house in Montmartre, surrounded by a large garden [so I could paint with] my nose right in it. † These are the worlds of Renoir about this painting. The painting was first displayed at the Impressionist exhibition on 1877 by Renoir himself. The paintings visual brushstrokes add to its value and make it a focal point of several controversies, as contemporary critics consider it as a blurred image of an actual scene rather than a realistic image. Moulin de la Galette – a Source of Inspiration for Painters Moulin de la Galette was the name of one of the last windmills in Montmartre. The Debray family who owned it named honored the dance hall they opened with the same name.

Attachment And Its Effects On Children And Their Primary...

Introduction: they cannot teach him how to be responsive of his own feelings of insufficiency either . Definition: Attachment: Bowlby describes attachment as a process that happens over time between the child and their primary caregiver. A child would initially form only one primary attachment and that the attachment figure acted as a secure base for exploring the world. The attachment relationship acts as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences. (Hardy, 2007 ) Dissociation: A psychological state or condition in which certain thoughts, emotions, sensations, or memories are separated from the rest of the psyche (P. Jon, I.Berg ). Mandated: Resistant,†¦show more content†¦Will Hunting would appear to be a stereotypical Boston Southie (Macdonald, 2007): tough, had loyal friends, and a geographical distrust of outsiders. In fact, Will Hunting did not need or have desire to build relationship outside of Chuckie. In regard to Will Hunting’s court ordered therapy, Will Hunting almost beats Carmine Scarpagli a to death in a very casual manner. It seems Will Hunting modified his own violent tendencies based off the abuse he received from Carmine. For instance, Carmine Scarpagliato may have approached Will Hunting in a friendly manner and then proceeded to beat him up. However, it is important to note Will Hunting did not limit his violent tendencies to those he disliked or did not trust because his jokes towards his loyal friend Chuckle were often violent. For example, attempt to hurt Chucky in the batting cage. biological parents as well as a series of foster parents. He struggles in making interpersonal relationship because has never formed any secure attachment to his caregivers. And his disturbance in social functioning comes from never having his basic emotional needs met (Seligman, 2013). Will Hunting has hard time loving someone and he was afraid to open up to them because he was abused by his father as a child.Show MoreRelatedLearning Theory Of Attachment And The Other Being Bowlbys Evolution Theory1692 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment in later life. Attachment theories are studied and the effect of no attachment or disrupted attachment is studied and aimed to be resolved. John Bowlby defined attachment as the emotional and physical connection that makes two people stay close to one another. It is between children and their primary caregivers (Psychologistworld.com, 2016). This essay will discuss and evaluate two theories of attachment: one being Dollard and Miller’s learning theory of attachment and the other being Bowlby’sRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment Theory: One of the most studied topics in today’s psychology is the attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the keyRead MoreThe Effects Of Separation And Loss On Children s Development960 Words   |  4 PagesLoss: According to Ringel and Brandell (2012), Bowlby’s attachment theory was impacted by Spitz’s observation of abundant infants, Darwin’s evolutionary theory, and Harlow’s experiment with baby monkeys that were separated from their mothers (pp. 77-78). Bowlby’s conclusion is that infants’ basic survival needs are not just food and shelter but also love and nurturing (p. 78). Ringel and Brandell (2012), mention that from his work with children in orphanages and hospitals, Bowlby realized the influenceRead More The Development of Attachment Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pageschild development is the relationship of the child with their primary caregiver. This is a tenet of developmental psychology known as attachment theory. John Bowlby, the creator of this theory, wanted to examine how early childhood experiences influence personality development. Attachment theory specifically examines infant’s reactions to being separated from their prima ry caregiver. Bowlby hypothesized that the differences in how children react to these situations demonstrates basic behavioral differencesRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Early Trauma On Children1521 Words   |  7 Pages The Long Term Effects of Early Trauma on Children in Foster and Adoptive Settings Alyssa Lodhi Amberton University October 25th, 2014 â€Æ' Personal Journey When I was five years old, my mom told me that there were some children who didn’t have moms. I was shocked, and told my mother frankly that I’d be their mom. Caring for children with early trauma has been the driving passion of my life. When I was six and again when I was eight, my parents adopted children from Vietnam. Having siblingsRead MoreAttachment Theory And Attachment Theories1053 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with attachment theory, first everyone should understand what the attachment is. According to attachment means bonding between a child and caregiver or vice versa. The attachment theory is the theory that describes the long term interpersonal relationship between the humans. Also, it can be defined as the strong bond between parent and child, and later in peer and romantic relationship (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 85). It generates a specific fact that how the humans react in relationshipsRead MoreAn Overview Of Reactive Attachment Disorder1306 Words   |  6 PagesExtensive Overview of Reactive Attachment Disorder Reactive attachment disorder, also known as RAD, is characteristic of children who have developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors. As mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (2013), â€Å"The essential feature (of reactive attachment disorder) is absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults† (p. 266). This underdeveloped attachment is in response to a childRead MoreModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Bowlbys original theory of attachment was concerned with the bonding relationship that develops between an infant and his primary caregiver. He believed the process of bonding to have a biological basis as the genes of those infants who successfully sought the protection of a caregiver (from predators and other dangers) will have survived and been passed on. Bowlby also formulated the Maternal Deprivation hypothesis (1953)Read MoreThe Dependency Relationship A Child Develops With Her Primary Caregivers1452 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment is a term used to describe the dependency relationship a child develops towards his or her primary caregivers. It is first observable during the latter half of the first year of life and develops progressively over the first four years of life. It is most readily observed in the behavior of children when they are sick, injured, tired, anxious, hungry or thirsty. Although early attachment research focused on the mother and infant, it is now generally accepted that children develop multipleRead MoreBowlby s Evolutionary Theory Of Attachment1497 Words   |  6 PagesBowlby defined attachment as â€Å"a lasting psychological integration bounded by human beings† (Bowlby, 1969, p.194). However, attachment can also be described as a strong, mutual, emotional connection or relationship formed between two people, mostly between infant a nd its caregiver. According to Macoby (1988) attachment has four key characteristics which are: proximity; where an infant always want to stay near the attached caregiver. Separation anxiety; is when the infant is distressed when separated

internet government control Essay Example For Students

internet government control Essay In the 21st century we live in an economy, relatively unhindered by the government, a policy called lassier faire which allows the market to run without the governments control. Although there is a certain invisible hand that the government posses to ensure that monopolies, or any of the harmful businesses are being operated to ensure safety for the average citizen. Napster founded by Shawn Flanning is a web site which can be joined on any home computer with access to the internet, where there after can trade and download virtually any song that person desires. For this simple reason this website is under attack from lawsuits coming from the music industry. Musicians are at the head of the charge aimed against Napster for the exploitation of their music. A panel of U.S circuit of appeals that are a panel of judges ruled that Napster is in a violation of copyright infringements. It is a way to receive music without actually purchasing it and some many companies feel for the loss of revenues Napster should pay royalties or seize to exist. The RIAA, which represents many record companies, filed a federal lawsuit against Napster just months after the song trading website began in 1999. The lawsuit claims that Napster could rob the music industry of billions of dollars in lost profits. In defense against the courts, and angry musicians founder Shawn Flanning has stated any decision the courts decide to enforce will be heavily matched with appeals to keep Napster going according to the NY times. Also quoted saying Napster works because people who love music share and participate, people said it wouldnt survive Page 2when there was only 700,000 users, and again when there was 17,000,000 members, now today we have more than 50 million members, and well find a way to multiply and stay around. The court found that Napster had infringed upon copyright holders rights to control the reproduction and distribution of their music, also stating that the recording industry would likely prevail. Having the preliminary injunction smack on Napster last July only to overturned being found to be overbroad and must be redrawn. This is a sign of Napster surviving another battle. The war still rages on and the recording labels claim the lost of revenues and copyright infringement. My opinion on this matter is that this issue has to be settled by the courts because of the capacity of Napster is self also the amount of money recording industry could stand to lose. In conclusion, Im in Napsters corner and would hate to see it changed, or even worse terminated.

Crash Course in Twitter for Business

By Mon Gill Twitter is a useful social tool, but it’s also an incredibly powerful tool for businesses. It can be used for branding, marketing, research, and networking, but it’s also the ideal platform for connecting with your customers. Frankly, if you’re not on board, you’re losing out. You may want to use Twitter to increase brand awareness, but how do you use it effectively to engage people, and more importantly, reach potential customers? Why Use Twitter for Business? Any business owner or marketer can use Twitter to connect with customers publicly, so it provides a great opportunity to show the human side of your business. Through Twitter, you can answer customer questions, express opinions, and tackle negative publicity quickly and openly. In time, by showing your industry expertise, you can build your credibility, but its real power lies in its immediacy. You can quickly resolve customer complaints, offer daily promotions, and refine your brand’s personality. Understanding the Jargon First, it’s helpful to familiarize yourself with Twitter terminology. Here’s a quick glossary: Bio: A short description of 160 characters or fewer to define who you are on Twitter. DM (Direct Message): A private message sent from one Twitter user to another. Feed: The tweets of the people you follow all appear in chronological order on your homepage. This is your feed. Follow: To subscribe to someone’s updates on Twitter. To do this, click the â€Å"Follow† button on their Twitter page. Hashtag (#): A useful tagging system. Any word or phrase with the # symbol in front of it then becomes a link that users can find and follow. Mention: Referring to someone else in your tweet by writing their username preceded by the @ sign. MT (Modified Tweet): Similar to RT, this is placed before the retweeted text if you manually retweet a message with modifications, for example if you shorten a tweet. Trending Topics: Displayed on the right-hand side of your Twitter homepage. These are words, phrases, or hashtags that are popular on Twitter at a given time. Tweet: A post with a maximum of 140 characters, similar to a Facebook status update. Unfollow: To stop following another Twitter user and stop their tweets from appearing in your feed. Username: Used to identify you on Twitter, it’s also known as your Twitter handle. It must be unique and contain fewer than 15 characters. Optimize Your Twitter Profile When you sign up to Twitter you should complete all your profile. Include your location, website or blog link, and your company bio. Try to include your company name in the username to make it more searchable, and upload an image of your company logo. You bio is a one or two sentence biography about you or your business. Include keywords for your industry and relevant search terms to help lead generation. Start Building Your Twitter Brand Ultimately, Twitter is a tool to build and maintain customer relationships. By providing valuable information, answering questions, and avoiding too much promotional material, you can build customer trust and loyalty. First, you need to start posting tweets. These posts represent your brand, so make every one valuable. You can post tips, advice, opinions, facts, and industry news. Twitter is also a great place to promote your products or services by tweeting recent blog posts, press releases or any other writing your customers may be interested in. You can even link to a promotion placed on a specific landing page. Entertaining posts are also a great way to boost interaction and make your posts more shareable. Growing Your Twitter Network As you follow more people and join conversations, you will attract more followers and widen your Twitter reach. This is also your chance to find out about your audience. Twitter has its own â€Å"Who to Follow† tool, so you can search for key topics and personalities across the channel and build your network. The Twitter search tool also lets you search for specific words and phrases, so you can assess the competition and find out what people are saying about your brand. Make your Twitter presence known whenever possible. Get a Twitter widget plugged into your website or blog so that people can follow you directly from your site. Also display your Twitter handle on your website, in your emails, and on all your other social media profiles. Using social media tools like HootSuite and Sprout Social will also boost your Twitter power. As well as providing tools to automatically tweet your blog posts, they can help manage your company reputation too. By locating tweets about your company, products, and services, you can respond to any negative comments and solve customer problems to minimize bad publicity. Twitter is one of the most powerful social media marketing tools, as it enables businesses to show consumers they are making an effort to connect. It’s a promotional tool, but it’s also a platform to educate consumers and generate quality leads. If you give something back to the Twitter community, your business will ultimately reap the rewards. Looking for a place to start? Head over to Constant Content’s Twitter page to connect with us!

How Shampoo Works and the Chemistry Behind It

How Shampoo Works and the Chemistry Behind It You know shampoo cleans your hair, but do you know how it works? Here is a look at shampoo chemistry, including how shampoos work  and why its better to use shampoo than soap on your hair. What Shampoo Does Unless youve been rolling around in mud, you probably dont have hair that is truly dirty. However, it may feel greasy and look dull. Your skin produces sebum, a greasy substance, to coat and protect hair and the hair follicle. Sebum coats the cuticle or outer keratin coat of each hair strand, giving it a healthy shine. However, sebum also makes your hair look dirty. An accumulation of it causes hair strands to stick together, making your locks look dull and greasy. Dust, pollen, and other particles are attracted to the sebum and stick to it. Sebum is hydrophobic. It waterproofs your skin and hair. You can rinse away salt and skin flakes, but oils and sebum are untouched by water, no matter how much you use. How Shampoo Works Shampoo contains detergent, much like you would find in dishwashing or laundry detergent or bath gel. Detergents work as surfactants. They lower the surface tension of water, making it less likely to stick to itself and able to bind with oils and soiling particles. Part of a detergent molecule is hydrophobic. This hydrocarbon portion of the molecule binds to the sebum coating hair, as well as to any oily styling products. Detergent molecules also have a hydrophilic portion, so when you rinse your hair, the detergent is swept away by the water, carrying sebum away with it. Other Ingredients in Shampoo Conditioning Agents:  Detergents strip away the sebum from your hair, leaving the cuticle exposed and susceptible to damage. If you use soap or dishwashing detergent on your hair, it will get clean, but it may look limp, lacking body and shine. Shampoo contains ingredients that replace the protective coating on the hair. Silicones detangle hair, smooth the hair cuticle and add shine. Fatty alcohols help prevent static and fly-away or frizzy hair.Shampoo typically is more acidic than soap, so it may contain ingredients to bring down the product of the pH. If the pH of shampoo is too high, the sulfide bridges in keratin can break, weakening or damaging your hair.Protectants:  Many shampoos contain additional ingredients intended to protect hair. The most common additive is sunscreen. Other chemicals protect against heat damage from hair dryers or styling aids, chemical damage from swimming pools, or build-up from styling products.Cosmetic Ingredients:  Shampoos contain aesthetic ingredients that dont affect how well the shampoo cleans your hair but may make shampooing more pleasant or affect the color or fragrance of your hair. These additives include pearlised ingredients, which add sparkle to the product and may leave a faint glimmer on hair, perfume to scent the shampoo and hair, and colorants. Most colorants wash out with shampoo, although some subtly tint or brighten hair. Functional Ingredients:  Some ingredients are added to shampoo to keep it uniformly mixed, thicken it so that it is easier to apply, prevent the growth of bacteria and mold, and preserve it to extend its shelf life. A Word About Lather Although many shampoos contain agents to produce a lather, the bubbles dont aid the cleaning or conditioning power of the shampoo. Lathering soaps and shampoos were created because consumers enjoyed them, not because they improved the product. Similarly, getting hair squeaky clean actually isnt desirable. If your hair is clean enough to squeak, it has been stripped of its natural protective oils.

Research methods in Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research methods in Architecture - Essay Example Architects and design innovation, as recognized by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) leans towards the inclusion of innovation and efficiency towards energy reduction constructions, which are directly related to the carbon footprint (Dye 2014, p. 2). Researchers have individual preferences in conducting research, as there is no mandatory approach that is predetermined by field authorities or agencies, towards a certain subject or topic (Reason & Bradbury 2006, p. 48). In this critique, the objective is to make a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the methodologies used by Omar Nagati and Celia Lury in the Theory Forum in Border Topology, covering Blurring boundaries, reconstituting borders and Double-Blind, Double Bind: The plane that disappeared respectively. The presentation by Nagati captures the transformation through which Cairo underwent, in a time when the authority seemed void. The presentation covers the idea of boundaries in the context of social and economic profiles, encapsulating the separation and marginalization of Egypt. The reconstruction of boundaries and the people retaking the city is captured in the presentation, with before and after images presented as evidence to portray the progress that has been made by the society. The common concept in the reconstruction of borders is the public space, which attracts the question of belonging and ownership. The temporary absence of the government provided the citizens with an opportunity to engage in a revolt by which reconstitution of infrastructure occurred. The approach used in the development of the presentation involved a lot of data gathering where the images of the subject through different phases were captured (McNiff & Whitehead 2006, p. 88). The research appears to have documented the change through which the society experienced, concentrating on the public spaces and the changes called for by the society, in an effort of reducing

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy - Essay Example The evolution of criminal profiling can be debated through varying opinions or points of view. The FBI‘s Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) is endorsed with the enhancement of criminal profiling. One should consider that the actual act of accessing a criminal’s mind can be traced back in history. In the past 30 years, it has become increasingly reliable and has gained high opinion from the media, society and professionals alike. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, John E.Douglas was among the most prominent criminal profilers of 20th century, and was among the very first to introduce this science of criminal profiling to the FBI (Turvey, 2011). John Douglas has been recognized with developing the present day art of criminal profiling. This was after his work with major criminals such as Edmund Kemper (Coed Killer), known for the murder of ten people, Richard Speck, who murdered eight nurses, and Charles Manson, a feared mass murderer. His work led to the opening of Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) of the FBI, which was vested with the responsibility of criminal profiling. Now retired, Douglas and his team were the first to introduce criminal profiling to the US justice system. Edgar Allen Poe is another person, who contributed immensely to the development of criminal profiling (Turvey, 2011). Important issues dealing with criminal profiling are seen in his literary works like â€Å"The Telltale Heart.† This is probably one of his most famous works. The Telltale Heart is the story of a murderer who keeps the body of his victim beneath the floorboard of his house, and after searching, the police find nothing. The murderer then slowly loses his sanity, because he kept hearing the heartbeats of his victim. Eventually, he turns himself in. Poe must have analyzed and understood the criminal mind, since the story is told from the murderer’s point of view. The final case study is that of Jack the Ripper, who was among the most infamous serial killers

The History of the “Jim Crow” System Essay Example for Free

The History of the â€Å"Jim Crow† System Essay For most white Americans, the demise of the Reconstruction in 1877 was not an occasion for mourning. Rather, it was an opportunity to reestablish the inferior status of the Negro in American society. The period from the 1880s to the 1960s was therefore characterized with the emergence of laws that implemented segregation between blacks and whites (Carlisle and Golson 214). These edicts, collectively known as the â€Å"Jim Crow† system, ultimately brought about a way of life that relegated blacks to the status of second-class citizens. â€Å"Jim Crow† originally referred to a minstrel character that was created in 1830 by a white actor named Thomas Dartmouth â€Å"Daddy† Rice. According to legend, Rice was able to come up with the concept of â€Å"Jim Crow† after chancing upon an elderly African-American man who was suffering from rheumatism. Drawing inspiration from the old man’s appearance and movements, he went onstage sporting blackface makeup and danced a ridiculous jig while singing the lyrics to the song Jump Jim Crow (Sotiropoulos 20). But Rice never used â€Å"Jim Crow† as a racial slur – he often portrayed the character in black song and dance as a trickster figure (Sotiropoulos 21). â€Å"Jim Crow,† however, eventually became an ethnic affront when the minstrelsy evolved into an overwhelmingly racist form of popular entertainment. In the decades before and after the Civil War, pro-slavery factions used minstrel shows as a means of expressing their opposition to abolitionist sentiment. As a result, the minstrelsy ended up spawning several caricatures that embodied bigoted misconceptions about blacks. â€Å"Jim Crow,† for example, was made to resemble â€Å"Sambo,† the â€Å"plantation darky† stereotype that was formed in order to give whites the assurance that blacks were contented with being plantation workers. There were likewise instances when â€Å"Jim Crow† was depicted as â€Å"Zip Coon,† an urban buffoon who derided free blacks and therefore implied that blacks were unfit for freedom and urban life (Sotiropoulos 21). It was not until the 1880s that â€Å"Jim Crow† was associated with legal forms of discrimination against blacks. Many white Southerners greatly resented the Reconstruction (1863-1877) because the latter provided small possibilities for racial equality between blacks and whites. The passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments emancipated blacks from slavery and turned them into American citizens with enforceable rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1875, meanwhile, guaranteed blacks admission to public facilities (Norgren and Nanda 46). Thus, at the end of the Reconstruction, many Southern whites sought to return blacks as close to slave status as possible. After the 1876 presidential elections, a new set of laws were created with the objective of segregating blacks and discriminating against them in every aspect of political, economic and social life. The â€Å"Jim Crow† system reminded blacks of their inferiority to whites from the cradle to the grave (Norgren and Nanda 46). Several state constitutions passed in the South between 1890 and 1900 mandated literacy tests, property qualifications and poll taxes for electors, disenfranchising many black voters as a result (Earle 98). Certain laws also kept blacks separate from whites in public establishments such as schools, parks, hospitals, mass transportation, theaters and even courts (Norgren and Nanda 47). Nineteenth-century efforts to put an end to the â€Å"Jim Crow† system proved to be futile. This was mainly because the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the laws that made up the â€Å"Jim Crow† system (Norgren and Nanda 47). The landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) is generally believed to be responsible for the legitimization of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system. Homer A. Plessy, a light-skinned black man, was arrested in New Orleans after refusing to ride in a â€Å"blacks only† rail car. After he was convicted in Louisiana, he appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the segregation of blacks and whites was constitutional provided that both races received equal treatment (Earle 98). Although racially discriminatory laws were already commonplace in the Antebellum Era and the Reconstruction, the â€Å"separate but equal† ruling of the Supreme Court in the aforementioned lawsuit legalized exclusion from juries, segregation, disenfranchisement, anti-miscegenation acts and lynching (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 157). In the process, blacks were transformed into second-class citizens – they enjoyed the same rights and privileges as whites, but only to a limited extent. For instance, as long as a black man and a white man are riding the same train, the black man has no right to complain even if he was assigned to a dirty cabin while his white fellow passenger was ushered into a clean one. The law, after all, guaranteed blacks equality, but not integration, with whites. The â€Å"equality but not integration† philosophy of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system eventually became a justification for extralegal violence against blacks. In the 1890s, many cotton plantations in the South closed down due to the scarcity in slave labor and fierce competition from Egypt, India, California and the Southwest (Schultz 17). Because cotton was the lifeblood of the Southern economy, the latter inevitably collapsed as a result. Once-wealthy plantation owners suddenly found themselves competing with emancipated blacks even over menial jobs such as sharecropping and construction. As the crisis went on, many whites started to view blacks with resentment and hostility – they accused the blacks of stealing jobs from them (Booker 167). Many whites were appalled that the blacks were passing themselves off as whites by competing with them for jobs and establishing their own institutions like churches and mutual aid societies. Furthermore, the whites felt that the blacks were attempting to elevate themselves at their expense. It should no longer come as a surprise, therefore, if extralegal violence became the primary weapon in which the â€Å"Jim Crow† system was enforced. The threatened and desperate whites viewed brutality as the only means of â€Å"putting blacks in their place† (Harrell, Gaustad, Boles, Griffith, Miller and Woods 537). Angry white mobs stormed the Southern countryside and subjected every black person they could find to beatings, mutilation and even castration. Lynching, however, became increasingly widespread as the economic crisis went on. During the 1890s, the average number of blacks that were lynched in the South was about two per week. So popular was lynching in the South that it became a public spectacle that drew large crowds, including women and children. There were even cases wherein refreshments were served and souvenirs, including the victim’s body parts, were sold or stolen (Harrell, Gaustad, Boles, Griffith, Miller and Woods 537). Many Southern whites overwhelmingly approved of the public lynching of blacks – they viewed the latter as a demonstration of the white community’s power and a means of preserving the racial order. Moreover, blacks during the 1890s were depicted as criminal and savage â€Å"Brutes† who preyed on white women. Thus, lynching was also seen as a way of preserving the â€Å"racial purity† of the whites. Rebecca Latimer Felton, a women’s rights advocate and prohibitionist from Georgia, once claimed, â€Å"If it takes lynching to protect women’s dearest possession from drunken, ravening human beasts, then I say lynch a thousand a week if it becomes necessary† (Harrell, Gaustad, Boles, Griffith, Miller and Woods 537). Because of the institutionalized racism and violence that was associated with the â€Å"Jim Crow† system, blacks had no choice but to live with it for almost 80 years. In the process, they had to accept the erroneous belief that whites were superior to them. It did not matter whether or not they truly believed this premise – defying the whites in any form could cost them their jobs, properties or even their lives. Stetson Kennedy (1959/1990), author of The Jim Crow Guide, claimed that the â€Å"Jim Crow† system was based on the following rationalizations: First, whites were superior to blacks in all important ways. This superiority included, but was not limited to, intelligence, morality and civilized behavior. Second, sexual relations between blacks and whites would produce a mongrel that would destroy America. Simply put, intermarriage between the two races would â€Å"threaten† American racial â€Å"purity† (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 158). Third, sexual relations between blacks and whites would produce a mongrel which would destroy America. Biracial individuals were another â€Å"threat† to American racial â€Å"purity† because they served as living reminders of how blacks â€Å"corrupted† the cultural homogeneity of the whites. Lastly, violence must be used to keep Blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy if necessary. Discrimination, imprisonment under false charges and even lynching were acceptable as long as these safeguarded whites from black â€Å"brutes† (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 158). Kennedy (1959/1990) added that blacks had to observe these simple rules when conversing with whites: First, never assert or even intimate that a white person is telling a lie. Second, never impute dishonorable intentions to a white person. Third, never suggest that a white person is from an inferior class. Fourth, never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence. Fifth, never curse a white person (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 157-158). Sixth, never laugh derisively at a white person. To do otherwise was to imply that he or she was of inferior character. Lastly, never comment upon the appearance of a white female. Such a gesture implied lust, which would eventually lead to rape (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 157-158). In order to show how racism was deeply entrenched in American society at the time of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system, the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia provided the following etiquette standards: A black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White man because it implied being socially equal. A black man was also not allowed to offer his hand or any other part of his body to a white woman, because he risked being accused of rape. Blacks and whites were not supposed to eat together. If blacks and whites did eat together, they must be kept separate from each other by some sort of partition and whites were to be served first (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 158). Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female. This was a gesture that implied intimacy. Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing. The whites considered this intimation to be very offensive (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 158). Blacks were introduced to whites, not the other way around. For example: â€Å"Mr. Peters (the white person), this is Charlie (the black person), that I spoke to you about. † Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to blacks (i. e. , Mr. , Mrs. , Miss, Sir or Ma’am). Instead, blacks were called by their first names (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 158). Blacks, on the other hand, had to use courtesy titles when referring to whites. Blacks were never allowed to call whites by their first names. If a black person rode in a car driven by a white person, the former had to seat in the back seat or the back of the truck. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections (Schramm-Pate and Jeffries 158). By the beginning of the 20th century, the â€Å"Jim Crow† system had finally succeeded in its quest to implement racial segregation in the South. Intermarriages were strictly forbidden, while schools, trains, streetcars, hotels, barbershops, restaurants and theaters had signs that indicated whether or not they accommodated blacks (Hill and Jones 41). Black workers were excluded from high-paying jobs and unions and were instead confined to low-paying jobs, thus creating a cheap labor pool which could be exploited by white entrepreneurs. Akin to the period of slavery, the â€Å"Jim Crow† system created a status quo in which blacks were accorded a lowly status simply because they were an â€Å"inferior† race (Hill and Jones 42). In the early 20th century, education was probably the â€Å"Jim Crow† system’s most effective means of subjugating the blacks. Although public education was available to black children living in the South, the region had few effective schools. Many of the South’s black schoolchildren had no school buildings and met for class in churches, lodges, homes or barns, served by privies and without electricity – a trend which continued into the 1940s (Rose 251). Black teachers, meanwhile, had to make do with faulty castoffs from white schools (Rose 252). These conditions instilled in black children a lifelong aversion to learning. Indeed, what is the point of going to school when little can be learned there? It would be much better for the children to just stay home and help their parents in the cotton fields. Another possible factor behind their lack of motivation to stay in school is the hegemonic belief that whites are superior to blacks. Growing up, black children in the South were constantly taught by their elders to be subservient to whites (Rose 254). As a result, they would be discouraged in pursuing an education, because even a highly-educated black person would still be a â€Å"slave† in the eyes of the whites. But not all blacks opted to live with the â€Å"Jim Crow† system. Prior to the modern civil rights movement, many blacks have already protested against the â€Å"Jim Crow† system of domination. Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth, for instance, openly criticized racial segregation in public facilities in the North during and after the period of slavery. From 1900 to 1906, meanwhile, many blacks in most major cities of the South staged boycotts against racial segregation in streetcars (Hill and Jones 43). Even black women participated in the struggle for racial equality in the South. Black journalist and newspaper editor Ida B. Wells, for example, led major campaigns against lynching. During the last decade of the 19th century, many other black women formed local and national organizations that called for both the end of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system and for black women’s rights (Hill and Jones 43). Black women cannot be blamed for their extreme dedication to putting an end to the â€Å"Jim Crow† system. The latter had very detrimental effects on their political, economic and social status. Foremost among these negative upshots are the â€Å"Jezebel† and the â€Å"Matriarch stereotypes. The Jezebel image depicted black women as sexually promiscuous, lustful and immoral. Historians argue that the Jezebel caricature was formed in order to rationalize the rape and forced breeding of black women – black women deserved to be subjected to sexual atrocities because they were â€Å"immoral† (West 98). The â€Å"Matriarch† image, meanwhile, presented black women as self-sufficient and independent women who have taken over the leadership role of men in the family. Although this stereotype is a possible survival strategy, it is not without a darker side. The â€Å"Matriarch† caricature was a probable scapegoat to the problems hounding blacks, such as poor academic performance of black youths and high incarceration rates. Simply put, her unwillingness to conform to traditional female roles was blamed as the cause of lower moral values and poverty (West 99). Given these negative images that whites associated with black women at the height of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system, it should no longer come as a surprise if black women were politically, economically and socially marginalized during this period. Between 1900 and 1920, at least 2 million blacks migrated to the more industrialized North. Black women, however, were limited to domestic and agricultural work – mechanized steam laundries, meat slaughtering, packing houses and crab and peanut factories. By the 1930s, about 60% of employed black women were engaged in domestic work (Parker 47). During the Great Depression, black women in the South were excluded from many stable job opportunities offered by the New Deal. Although black women in the North fared better, employers perceived them as expendable members of the labor force. For one, they received smaller wages than their white counterparts. In addition, they were the first to be laid off when an enterprise closed down (Parker 47). The period from 1909 to 1910 is considered as a watershed in the fight against the â€Å"Jim Crow† system. It was during this time that one of the most important progressive black organizations, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was formed. The primary goal of the NAACP was to discredit the legality of â€Å"Jim Crow† laws and practices. Meanwhile, its official organ, The Crisis, edited by W. E. B. Du Bois, raised oppositional consciousness among blacks by challenging the ideology of white supremacy (Hill and Jones 43). The black protest movement became even more militant during the Great Depression. At the height of the latter, many black workers were either laid off from or denied work in favor of white workers. Those who were able to find work, on the other hand, were paid very low wages and were subjected to abysmal working conditions. Thus, many progressive black groups engaged in grassroots organizing in order to fight racism in the government, corporations and labor unions. Furthermore, the scope of black activism during the Great Depression was no longer confined to the South – even blacks from the North started to organize themselves as well (Jackson 6). At the start of the Great Depression, blacks were excluded from most trade unions in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). But in 1933 and 1934, the United Mine Workers and the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union began to accept blacks into their respective folds. By 1935, the predominantly black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters had already achieved recognition as a legitimate labor union. The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union signed up thousands of blacks in the most antiunion parts of the South. The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which was formed in 1935 as a splinter group of the AFL, mobilized black workers in steel, automobile and meatpacking industries (Jackson 8). The issue of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system was temporarily set aside with the advent of World War II. Wartime labor demands gave black workers new employment opportunities, such as better wages, safe working conditions and security of tenure (Horton n. pag. ). With most white males fighting in the war, businesses had no choice but to tap into the country’s pool of black workers. As the country’s number of black workers was not enough for all of the nation’s enterprises, employers offered attractive compensation packages in order to attract as many employees as they could. But whatever optimism blacks had during the war were shattered with the arrival of the white soldiers. In the postwar era, blacks returned to their old status as second-class citizens. They were once again subjected to segregation and low-paying jobs. The prevalence of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system in the South forced at least 1. 5 million blacks to migrate to other parts of the US during the 1940s and the early 1950s (Horton n. pag. ). But the postwar era was likewise the period that was characterized with the demise of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system. The Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) that racially segregated facilities were unconstitutional because these violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution (Jackson 530). The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown was an important victory for the anti-â€Å"Jim Crow† movement – the former nullified the â€Å"separate but equal† premise on which the ruling in Plessy was based (Fine 503). The blacks finally had a chance to attain equality with the whites that was based on actual integration with them. But the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown was met with violent reprisals from racist organizations. Many white Southerners staunchly defended the system of racial privilege and even used violence and intimidation in order to forestall change. Various racist and terrorist groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the White Citizens’ Councils, resurfaced in order to spread fear among the populace. White politicians and other leaders, meanwhile, retaliated through very adamant statements of racist resistance. In the end, it was still the people who were at the losing end of this battle – public schools in Prince Edward County in central Virginia were kept closed for five years rather than undergo racial integration (Healey 226). The blacks, however, were already tired of living in fear. A seamstress named Rosa Parks was arrested and jailed in Montgomery, Alabama on December 1, 1955 after she refused to give up her seat in the city bus to a white male passenger. Her arrest and detention sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott; a year-long boycott of the city’s bus lines that was led by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King later founded the Civil Rights Movement, a protest movement that fought racism through peaceful street demonstrations (Healey 226). Although its members experienced brutal repression and violence at the hands of the police and terrorist groups like the KKK, the Civil Rights Movement finally succeeded in putting an end to the â€Å"Jim Crow† system. In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a law which banned discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin or gender. This directive was applicable to all public facilities including parks, municipal swimming pools and businesses, as well as to any program that received federal aid. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was soon followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned practices that had been used to prevent blacks from registering to vote, such as literacy tests and whites-only primaries (Healey 227). The existence of the â€Å"Jim Crow† system is one of the most shameful periods in American history. Just because the blacks were regarded as an inferior race, certain laws were created in order to segregate them and discriminate against them in every aspect of political, economic and social life. Worse, the enforcement of these laws through violence was even encouraged. Although the blacks were supposedly equal to the whites, this equality existed as long as they did interact with each other. It would be fair to say, therefore, that the black protest movements against the â€Å"Jim Crow† system added credibility to the American value of egalitarianism. If not for the black activists who fought against racism, the said value would only be applicable to the whites even to this day. The US would have no right to parade itself as the bastion of democracy and human rights. After all, how can it say that it is a champion of democracy and human rights if racism was rampant in its own backyard? Works Cited Booker, Christopher Brian. â€Å"I Will Wear No Chain! † A Social History of African- American Males. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. Carlisle, Rodney P. , and J. Geoffrey Golson. Colonial America from the Settlement to the Revolution. Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Earle, Jonathan Halperin. The Routledge Atlas of African-American History. New York: Routledge, 2000. Fine, Michelle. â€Å"The Power of the Brown v. Board of Education Decision: Theorizing Threats to Sustainability. † American Psychologist September 2004: 59. Apollo Library. EBSCO. University of Phoenix Library. 12 April 2009 http://swtuop. museglobal. com/muse/servlet/MusePeer. Harrell, David Edwin, Edwin S. Gaustad, John B. Boles, Sally Foreman Griffith, Randall M. Miller, and Randall Bennett Woods. Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. Healey, Joseph F. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change. 4th ed. London: Pine Forge Press, 2005. Hill, Herbert, and James E. Jones. Race in America: The Struggle for Equality. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. Horton, Lois E. A History of the African American People: The History, Traditions Culture of African Americans. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997. Jackson, Walter A. Gunnar Myrdal and Americas Conscience: Social Engineering and Racial Liberalism, 1938-1987. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1994. Jackson, John P. â€Å"The Scientific Attack on Brown v. Board of Education, 1954-1964. † American Psychologist September 2004: 59. Apollo Library. EBSCO. University of Phoenix Library. 11 April 2009 http://swtuop. museglobal. com/muse/servlet/MusePeer. Norgren, Jill, and Serena Nanda. American Cultural Pluralism and Law. 3rd ed. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Parker, Patricia Sue. Race, Gender, and Leadership: Re-envisioning Organizational Leadership from the Perspectives of African American Women Executives. New York: Routledge, 2006. Rose, Anne C. â€Å"The Discovery of Southern Childhoods: Psychology and the Transformation of Schooling in the Jim Crow South. † History of Psychology 2007: 10. Apollo Library. EBSCO. University of Phoenix Library. 10 April 2009 http://swtuop.museglobal. com/muse/servlet/MusePeer. Schramm-Pate, Susan, and Rhonda Baynes Jeffries. Grappling with Diversity: Readings on Civil Rights Pedagogy and Critical Multiculturalism. London: SUNY Press, 2008. Schultz, Mark. The Rural Face of White Supremacy: Beyond Jim Crow. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005. Sotiropoulos, Karen. Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. West, Caroline Marie. Violence in the Lives of Black Women: Battered, Black and Blue. New York: Haworth Press, 2003.